With the collapse of the housing market and the debacle of the sub-prime mortgage lending practices finally imploding you and others are probably hearing news anchors and experts talking about derivative financial instruments.
The news programs have been giving an answer so boiled down that it is really useless information for most people and online sites have been giving answers that are overly complex the average person may not really get what is going on in the grand scheme. I tried to strike a middle line.
Purpose of a Derivative – Share the risk associated with lending to customers to increase the lenders ability to access additional capital and stream of income value that was previously dormant or untapped.
A derivative has two areas of value:
- Capital Value
- Steam of Income Value
Capital Value:
A derivative is an instrument that on its own is worthless, the instrument DERIVES its value from underlying physical capital (goods, real estate, products) that the derivative is supposed to represent. Only derivatives represent thousands of units of capital in one complex bundle of papers. In this instance in history the capital is the houses. The market agrees on a price of the underlying physical goods and that sets the price of the derivative instrument. (important for later on in the example below)
Stream of Income Value:
Many derivatives will have a stream of income value as well. As stated above, the houses are the physical capital, but to get the capital. A customer has to give up a small amount of money (principal) AND promises contractually to pay interest to the lender on the money the lender gives the borrower to acquire the house (STREAM OF INCOME)
A derivative has two areas of risk:
Capital Value DeclinesStream of income StopsLet’s look at a hypothetical to see how the Housing Dilemma happened.
EXAMPLE:
John wants a house. He only has $1. The market agrees that the house costs $101 (price at which buyers are willing to buy and sellers are willing to sell). John goes to ABC Bank and offers to give the bank his $1 and a promise to pay 10% interest if they will lend him the $100 to get the house.
ABC Bank makes a contract with John. He has to pay interest 10% in year one and 20% going forward on the $100, STREAM OF INCOME to ABC Bank.
So John now has to pay $10 / year (to keep it simple)
If John fails to pay then ABC Bank gets to take the house worth $100 CAPITAL VALUE with the plan to resell the home to break even or make a little money in a market that has grown in value. In exchange, John has to pay interest on the loan but he gets to live in the house and eventually in a functioning market he will own the house.
ABC Bank gives John a loan (THE RISK) & takes the interest obligation (THE STREAM OF INCOME) and the physical stake of bank ownership on default (CAPITAL VALUE) in his house. If he defaults on the interest payments the bank gets the house. ABC Bank does this with John and bundles his home and his loan up with thousands of other Americans.
SALE OF THE DERIVATIVE -
ABC Bank not wanting to hold all of this risk on their own sells the Derivative to other banks. The other banks buy based on the value of the STREAM OF INCOME and based on the value of the underlying CAPITAL VALUE of the homes on default. However, these other banks who do not know John and who have not seen his house are also buying a piece of the risk that he will default.
The banks and financial institutions buying these derivatives are now holders of Derivatives.
Problem in Hypo land.
The interest rate is too high for John. Initially he can pay the $10 but there was a clause in the lending contract that says after 1 year the interest rate John has to pay is 20%. John has either lost his job, had no job or miscalculated his ability to pay.
He cannot pay, STREAM OF INCOME to the bank is gone. John is also now in default. ABC Bank takes the house. This happens to many people. There are now many many empty houses on the Market. People do not need homes. There is no demand. Demand falls and the prices of homes fall. As well, in the initial pricing of houses the market was wrong. The price was too high and was artificially inflated by a market belief that the growth rate in real estate would be sustained and that people would not default due to the nature of the capital (a HOME).
A house is now worth 10 dollars. The bank lent $100 as that was what the house was valued at. The derivative has now lost almost all of its value.
The other institutions who did not know John or the home hold a close to worthless financial instrument and there are no buyers. The spreading of the risk has caused a problem as the banks may not have the capital to cover the loss as they did not expect the losses on the home value to be so large.
If you have any further questions, comments or corrections email lucklesshero@gmail.com